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The first part of my lecture today is going to be on slides,

and then I'll do a calculation on the board,

assuming I get through everything.

And what I'm mostly going to talk about in this sequence

of lectures is about using behavioral electric materials

for different things, both in the quantum limit

and in the general limits.

And I was going to start with a discussion of the history

of the history of the piezoelectric materials.

So it kind of leads naturally to the nature

of the state we live in today.

So at any rate, just to get started,

so piezoelectricity was discovered in France

by the Curie brothers, Croacac and Pierre Curie

in the early 20s.

When in 1880, they discovered that if you

stressed materials, and I think they kind of

early worked with quartz,

although they further expanded that to a number of other materials,

they're confident they could get holes.

My guess is that the way they actually did this

is that they took little bits of quartz

and they smashed them with cameras.

I saw that they could get them to spark.

But I think later those turned into more careful experiments.

So they turned this effect piezoelectricity,

which comes from a combination of two Greek words,

piezen, which is to squeeze or press, that's this one,

and then electron, which actually I was surprised

that the word electron doesn't have anything to do with

atoms or anything, it's actually just the word for amber

that you get from tree resin.

And that's because this is one of the easiest ways

to get static charges, because probably this is the way

I'm going to be maintaining it.

So that's the origin of the word electron.

Now, a year later, there was a mathematician,

actually, you're seeing me now, Gabriel Lippmann,

who based on symmetry considerations,

said that if stress generates voltages,

then voltages should also generate stress.

So he made this prediction, and the three brothers,

so the year after they accepted the diesel,

like this, he showed that that was true, that if you apply

a voltage, you can generate stress.

And they then used this effect to build a very, very